- His studies at Johns Hopkins University were interrupted during WWII, when he was a radio operator with the Merchant Marine. He received a bachelor's degree in civil engineering and master's degree in sanitary engineering. He was a public health engineer in Maryland, California and Washington D.C., and also worked as a research scientist. He returned to Johns Hopkins to earn a doctorate in environmental engineering.
- He was an engineer and scientist who was the main designer of an experiment intended to detect the possibility of life on Mars, by testing Martian soil for the presence of organic material. It was one of several studies carried out by NASA's two-part Viking mission in 1976.
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